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a combination of factors

  • 1 combination of factors

    Научный термин: комбинация факторов (в тексте обороту речи предшествовал неопределенный артикль; англ. оборот взят из статьи в New York Times)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > combination of factors

  • 2 combination of factors

    Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > combination of factors

  • 3 ♦ combination

    ♦ combination /kɒmbɪˈneɪʃn/
    n. [cu]
    1 combinazione; insieme; serie; assortimento: a combination of fear and curiosity, una combinazione di paura e curiosità; a combination of factors, una serie di fattori; colour combination, insieme di colori
    2 (chim., mat., ling.) combinazione: combination of atoms, combinazione di atomi; the combination of a safe, la combinazione d'una cassaforte
    3 associazione; lega; unione; federazione: a combination of workmen, un'unione d'operai ( a scopi sindacali)
    4 (GB) sidecar; motocarrozzetta
    5 (econ., fin., USA) concentrazione aziendale, fusione ( di imprese, USA)
    6 (al pl.) (antiq., GB) costume di lana ( maglia e mutande insieme)
    7 ( sport) combinazione ( di colpi, ecc.); gioco d'assieme
    ● (econ., fin., USA) combination in restraint of trade, accordo (illegale) per la limitazione della libera concorrenza □ combination lock, serratura a combinazione □ combination skin, pelle mista □ combination oven, forno combinato □ (elettr.) combination switch, interruttore-commutatore; pulsante doppio □ (med.) combination therapy, terapia combinata □ (mecc.) combination wrench, chiave fissa con testa ad anello e testa a bocca □ in combination, insieme; unitamente □ in combination with, in associazione con; combinato con; insieme a □ winning combination, combinazione vincente; accoppiata vincente.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ combination

  • 4 combination

    combination [‚kɒmbɪˈneɪ∫ən]
    combinaison f ; [of people] association f ; [of interests] coalition f
    * * *
    [ˌkɒmbɪ'neɪʃn]
    1) ( mixture) gen combinaison f (of de); (of factors, events) conjonction f
    2) ( mixing) mélange m (of de)
    3) (of numbers, chemicals) combinaison f

    combination lock — serrure f à combinaison

    English-French dictionary > combination

  • 5 combination

    A n
    1 (mixture, blend) gen combinaison f (of de) ; (of factors, events) conjonction f ; for a combination of reasons pour de multiples raisons ;
    2 ( mixing) mélange m (of de ; with avec) ; in combination with en association avec ;
    3 (of numbers, chemicals) combinaison f ;
    4 GB Aut side-car m.
    B combinations† npl GB combinaison-caleçon f.

    Big English-French dictionary > combination

  • 6 combination

    [ˌkɒmbɪ'neɪʃn]
    1) (of factors, events, numbers, chemicals) combinazione f.
    2) (alliance) associazione f., unione f.
    * * *
    [-bi-]
    1) ((the result of) combining or being combined: The town was a combination of old and new architecture.) combinazione
    2) (a set of numbers used to open certain types of lock: He couldn't open the safe as he had forgotten the combination; ( also adjective) a combination lock.) combinazione
    * * *
    [ˌkɒmbɪ'neɪʃn]
    1) (of factors, events, numbers, chemicals) combinazione f.
    2) (alliance) associazione f., unione f.

    English-Italian dictionary > combination

  • 7 causal factors

    causes; causal factors
    Actions, omissions, events, conditions, or a combination thereof, which led to the accident or incident.
    (AN 13)
    Official definition modified by Amdt 9 to AN 13 (10/11/1994).
    Дeйствия, бeздeйствиe, oбстoятeльствa, услoвия или их сoчeтaниe, кoтoрыe привeли к авиационному прoисшeствию или инцидeнту.

    International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > causal factors

  • 8 home-run

    прил.
    эк. (о ценных бумагах, которые резко выросли в цене, или об инвестициях, которые быстро принесли большую прибыль)

    This combination of factors turns them into home-run stocks.

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > home-run

  • 9 Spain

       Portugal's independence and sovereignty as a nation-state are based on being separate from Spain. Achieving this on a peninsula where its only landward neighbor, Spain, is stronger, richer, larger, and more populous, raises interesting historical questions. Considering the disparity in size of population alone — Spain (as of 2000) had a population of 40 million, whereas Portugal's population numbered little over 10 million—how did Portugal maintain its sometimes precarious independence? If the Basques, Catalans, and Galicians succumbed to Castilian military and political dominance and were incorporated into greater Spain, how did little Portugal manage to survive the "Spanish menace?" A combination of factors enabled Portugal to keep free of Spain, despite the era of "Babylonian Captivity" (1580-1640). These include an intense Portuguese national spirit; foreign assistance in staving off Spanish invasions and attacks between the late 14th century and the mid l9th century, principally through the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance and some assistance from France; historical circumstances regarding Spain's own trials and tribulations and decline in power after 1600.
       In Portugal's long history, Castile and Leon (later "Spain," as unified in the 16th century) acted as a kind of Iberian mother and stepmother, present at Portugal's birth as well as at times when Portuguese independence was either in danger or lost. Portugal's birth as a separate state in the 12th century was in part a consequence of the king of Castile's granting the "County of Portucale" to a transplanted Burgundian count in the late 11th century. For centuries Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Portugal struggled for supremacy on the peninsula, until the Castilian army met defeat in 1385 at the battle of Aljubarrota, thus assuring Portugal's independence for nearly two centuries. Portugal and its overseas empire suffered considerably under rule by Phillipine Spain (1580-1640). Triumphant in the War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68), Portugal came to depend on its foreign alliances to provide a counterweight to a still menacing kindred neighbor. Under the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, England (later Great Britain) managed to help Portugal thwart more than a few Spanish invasion threats in the next centuries. Rumors and plots of Spain consuming Portugal continued during the 19th century and even during the first Portuguese republic's early years to 1914.
       Following difficult diplomatic relations during Spain's subsequent Second Republic (1931-36) and civil war (1936-39), Luso-Span-ish relations improved significantly under the authoritarian regimes that ruled both states until the mid-1970s. Portugal's prime minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar and Spain's generalissimo Francisco Franco signed nonaggression and other treaties, lent each other mutual support, and periodically consulted one another on vital questions. During this era (1939-74), there were relatively little trade, business, and cultural relations between the two neighbors, who mainly tended to ignore one another. Spain's economy developed more rapidly than Portugal's after 1950, and General Franco was quick to support the Estado Novo across the frontier if he perceived a threat to his fellow dictator's regime. In January 1962, for instance, Spanish army units approached the Portuguese frontier in case the abortive military coup at Beja (where a Portuguese oppositionist plot failed) threatened the Portuguese dictatorship.
       Since Portugal's Revolution of 25 April 1974, and the death of General Franco and the establishment of democracy in Spain (1975-78), Luso-Spanish relations have improved significantly. Portugal has experienced a great deal of Spanish investment, tourism, and other economic activities, since both Spain and Portugal became members of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1986.
       Yet, Portugal's relations with Spain have become closer still, with increased integration in the European Union. Portugal remains determined not to be confused with Spain, and whatever threat from across the frontier exists comes more from Spanish investment than from Spanish winds, marriages, and armies. The fact remains that Luso-Spanish relations are more open and mutually beneficial than perhaps at any other time in history.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Spain

  • 10 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 11 soil formation

    1. формирование почвы

     

    формирование почвы
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    soil formation
    The combination of natural processes by which soils are formed. It is also known as pedogenesis. The most important soil-forming factors are parent material, terrain, climate, aspect, vegetation cover, microorganisms in the soil and the age of the land surface. Some pedologists would add to this list the influence of human activities. All the factors exhibit varying degrees of interrelationship and some are more important than others, with climate often being singled out as the most important. (Source: WHIT)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > soil formation

  • 12 coupling

    1. n соединение, сцепление

    module coupling — сцепление модулей; модульное сцепление

    2. n стыковка, соединение
    3. n совокупление, спаривание
    4. n тех. сцепление, муфта
    5. n эл. связывание контуров
    6. n физ. взаимодействие, связь
    7. n сопряжение

    coupling agent — сшивающий агент; фактор сопряжения

    8. n биол. сцеплённость
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. combination (noun) affiliation; affinity; alliance; combination; intermarriage; marriage; merger; relationship
    2. joint (noun) connection; joining; joint; junction; juncture; seam; union
    3. coupling (verb) affixing; attaching; clipping; coupling; fastening; fixing; mooring; securing
    4. hitching (verb) harnessing; hitching; yoking
    5. joining (verb) associating; bracketing; coalescing; combining; compounding; concreting; conjoining; conjugating; connecting; correlating; identifying; joining; linking; marrying; melding; relating; uniting; wedding

    English-Russian base dictionary > coupling

  • 13 union

    'ju:njən
    1) (the act of uniting or process of being united: Union between the two countries would be impossible.) unión
    2) (the state of being united, eg in marriage, friendship etc: Their marriage was a perfect union.) unión
    3) (a club or association: The European Union.) unión
    •
    union n sindicato


    unión sustantivo femenino 1
    a) ( acción):
    la unión de estos factores the combination of these factors
    c)
    2 ( relación) union, relationship; ( matrimonio) union, marriage 3 ( juntura) joint
    unión sustantivo femenino
    1 (coalición) union
    Unión Europea, European Union
    2 (asociación) association
    unión de consumidores, consumers' association
    3 (cohesión) unity
    4 (matrimonio, ligazón) union
    5 (juntura) joint ' unión' also found in these entries: Spanish: abogada - abogado - camaradería - cohabitación - conflictividad - fracturar - revigorizar - sindical - sindicarse - sindicato - soldadura - UE - UEFA - unidad - URSS - alianza - casamiento - conjunción - empate - enlace - gremial - gremio - llamar - sindicalismo - sindicalizarse - Unión Europea - Unión Soviética - vínculo English: connection - EMU - EU - European Union - inflame - intervene - mating - membership - mismatch - rep - togetherness - trade union - trades union - union - Union Jack - belong - blue - capacity - European - join - joint - labor union - marriage - official - rank - shop - Soviet - student - trade - TUC - USSR
    tr['jʊːnɪən]
    3 (of workers) sindicato
    4 SMALLTECHNICAL/SMALL unión nombre femenino
    1 sindical, del sindicato
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    Union Jack la bandera del Reino Unido, la bandera británica
    the Union SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL los Estados Unidos
    union ['ju:njən] n
    1) : unión f
    2) or labor union : sindicato m, gremio m
    adj.
    • gremial adj.
    • sindical adj.
    n.
    • aligación s.f.
    • atadura s.f.
    • ayuntamiento s.m.
    • cofradía s.f.
    • enlace s.m.
    • fusión s.f.
    • gremio s.m.
    • junta s.f.
    • ligazón s.m.
    • masa s.f.
    • parentesco s.m.
    • sindicato s.m.
    • trabazón s.m.
    • unión s.f.
    'juːnjən
    1) u c (act, state) unión f
    2)

    the Union — ( the United States) los Estados Unidos; ( in Civil War) la Unión

    3) c ( Lab Rel) sindicato m, gremio m (CS, Per); (before n) <official, movement> sindical, gremial (CS, Per)

    union card — carné m de afiliado

    4) c (at college, university) asociación f or federación f de estudiantes
    ['juːnjǝn]
    1. N
    1) unión f ; (=marriage) enlace m

    the Union — (US) la Unión

    2) (=trade union) sindicato m, gremio m
    3) (=club, society) club m, sociedad f
    4) (Mech) (for pipes etc) unión f, manguito m de unión
    2.
    CPD (Ind) [leader, movement, headquarters] sindical

    union card N — carnet m de afiliado

    union catalog(ue) N — catálogo m colectivo or conjunto

    Union Jack N — bandera f del Reino Unido

    union member N — miembro mf del sindicato, sindicalista mf

    union membership N — (=numbers) afiliados mpl al sindicato

    union membership has declined — el número de afiliados a los sindicatos ha disminuido; (=being a member) afiliación f a un/al sindicato

    union membership is compulsory — es obligatorio afiliarse a or hacerse miembro del sindicato

    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics N — (formerly) Unión f de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas

    Union of South Africa N — (formerly) Unión f Sudafricana

    union shop N — (US) taller m de afiliación (sindical) obligatoria

    union suit N — (US) prenda f interior de cuerpo entero

    * * *
    ['juːnjən]
    1) u c (act, state) unión f
    2)

    the Union — ( the United States) los Estados Unidos; ( in Civil War) la Unión

    3) c ( Lab Rel) sindicato m, gremio m (CS, Per); (before n) <official, movement> sindical, gremial (CS, Per)

    union card — carné m de afiliado

    4) c (at college, university) asociación f or federación f de estudiantes

    English-spanish dictionary > union

  • 14 causes

    causes; causal factors
    Actions, omissions, events, conditions, or a combination thereof, which led to the accident or incident.
    (AN 13)
    Official definition modified by Amdt 9 to AN 13 (10/11/1994).
    Дeйствия, бeздeйствиe, oбстoятeльствa, услoвия или их сoчeтaниe, кoтoрыe привeли к авиационному прoисшeствию или инцидeнту.

    International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > causes

  • 15 Warp Faced Cloths

    Cloths that have a preponderance of warp showing on the face. This may be due to the weave only, to the use of a greater number of warp ends per inch than weft picks, or to a combination of both factors. (See Warp Sateen)

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Warp Faced Cloths

  • 16 Port Wine

       Portugal's most famous wine and leading export takes its name from the city of Oporto or porto, which means "port" or "harbor" in Portuguese. Sometimes described as "the Englishman's wine," port is only one of the many wines produced in continental Portugal and the Atlantic islands. Another noted dessert wine is Madeira wine, which is produced on the island of Madeira. Port wine's history is about as long as that of Madeira wine, but the wine's development is recent compared to that of older table wines and the wines Greeks and Romans enjoyed in ancient Lusitania. During the Roman occupation of the land (ca. 210 BCE-300 CE), wine was being made from vines cultivated in the upper Douro River valley. Favorable climate and soils (schist with granite outcropping) and convenient transportation (on ships down the Douro River to Oporto) were factors that combined with increased wine production in the late 17th century to assist in the birth of port wine as a new product. Earlier names for port wine ( vinho do porto) were descriptive of location ("Wine of the Douro Bank") and how it was transported ("Wine of [Ship] Embarkation").
       Port wine, a sweet, fortified (with brandy) aperitif or dessert wine that was designed as a valuable export product for the English market, was developed first in the 1670s by a unique combination of circumstances and the action of interested parties. Several substantial English merchants who visited Oporto "discovered" that a local Douro wine was much improved when brandy ( aguardente) was added. Fortification prevented the wine from spoiling in a variety of temperatures and on the arduous sea voyages from Oporto to Great Britain. Soon port wine became a major industry of the Douro region; it involved an uneasy alliance between the English merchant-shippers at Oporto and Vila Nova de Gaia, the town across the river from Oporto, where the wine was stored and aged, and the Portuguese wine growers.
       In the 18th century, port wine became a significant element of Britain's foreign imports and of the country's establishment tastes in beverages. Port wine drinking became a hallowed tradition in Britain's elite Oxford and Cambridge Universities' colleges, which all kept port wine cellars. For Portugal, the port wine market in Britain, and later in France, Belgium, and other European countries, became a vital element in the national economy. Trade in port wine and British woolens became the key elements in the 1703 Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal.
       To lessen Portugal's growing economic dependence on Britain, regulate the production and export of the precious sweet wine, and protect the public from poor quality, the Marquis of Pombal instituted various measures for the industry. In 1756, Pombal established the General Company of Viticulture of the Upper Douro to carry out these measures. That same year, he ordered the creation of the first demarcated wine-producing region in the world, the port-wine producing Douro region. Other wine-producing countries later followed this Portuguese initiative and created demarcated wine regions to protect the quality of wine produced and to ensure national economic interests.
       The upper Douro valley region (from Barca d'Alva in Portugal to Barqueiros on the Spanish frontier) produces a variety of wines; only 40 percent of its wines are port wine, whereas 60 percent are table wines. Port wine's alcohol content varies usually between 19 and 22 percent, and, depending on the type, the wine is aged in wooden casks from two to six years and then bottled. Related to port wine's history is the history of Portuguese cork. Beginning in the 17th century, Portuguese cork, which comes from cork trees, began to be used to seal wine bottles to prevent wine from spoiling. This innovation in Portugal helped lead to the development of the cork industry. By the early 20th century, Portugal was the world's largest exporter of cork.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Port Wine

  • 17 conjunction

    conjunction [kən'dʒʌŋkʃən]
    1 noun
    (a) (combination) conjonction f, union f
    ∎ conjunction tickets billets mpl complémentaires
    (b) Astronomy & Grammar conjonction f;
    ∎ Astronomy in conjunction (planets) en conjonction
    conjointement avec;
    ∎ to work in conjunction with sb travailler conjointement avec qn;
    ∎ these factors, in conjunction with others, were responsible for… ces facteurs combinés à d'autres furent responsables de…

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > conjunction

  • 18 balanced design

    Stats
    an experimental design in which the same number of observations is used for each combination of the experimental factors

    The ultimate business dictionary > balanced design

  • 19 Parseval, August von

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 1861
    d. 22 February 1942 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German designer of tethered observation balloons and non-rigid airships.
    [br]
    Major von Parseval and his colleague Captain von Sigsfeld were serving in the German army during the 1890s when improved military observation from the air was being pursued. Tethered observation balloons, raised and lowered by a winch, had been used since 1794, but in strong winds a spherical balloon became very unstable. Manned kites were being developed by "Colonel" S.F. Cody, in Britain, and others, but kites were a problem if the wind dropped. A very successful compromise was achieved in 1897 by von Parseval and von Sigsfeld, who developed a kite-balloon, the Drachen ("Dragon"), which was elongated like an airship and fitted with large inflated fins. It was attached to its tethering cable in such a way that it flew with a positive incidence (nose up) to the wind, thus producing some lift—like a kite. The combination of these factors made the kite-balloon very stable. Other countries followed suit and a version designed by the Frenchman Albert Caquot was widely used during the First World War for observing the results of artillery fire. Caquot balloons were also used around London as a barrage to obstruct enemy aircraft, and "barrage balloons" were widely used during the Second World War. After working at a government balloon factory in Berlin where non-rigid airships were built, von Parseval designed his own non-rigid airship. The Parseval I which flew in 1906 was small, but larger and faster non-rigids followed. These were built by Luftfahrzeug-Gesellschaft m.b.H. of Berlin founded in 1908 to build and operate Parseval airships. The British Admiralty ordered three Parseval airships, two to be built by Vickers of Barrow (who had built the rigid airship R 1 Mayfly in 1911), and one to be built in Berlin. This one was flown from Berlin to Farnborough in 1913 and joined the Vickers-built Parseval in the Naval Air Service. During the First World War, Parseval airships had the unique distinction of serving on both sides. Three small Parseval airships were built between 1929 and 1932 for use in advertising.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Hildebrandt, 1908, Airships Past and Present, London (describes the kite-balloon). Fred Gütschow, 1985, Das Luftschiff, Stuttgart (includes a record of all the airships). Basil Clarke, 1961, The History of Airships, London (provides limited coverage of von Parseval's work).
    Basil Collier, 1974, The Airship: A History, London (provides limited coverage of von Parseval's work).

    Biographical history of technology > Parseval, August von

  • 20 compensation mode

    1. вид компенсации реактивной мощности

     

    вид компенсации реактивной мощности
    -

    См. также компенсация реактивной мощности

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    4652

    4651

    CC: Central Compensation
    GC: Group Compensation
    IC: Individual Compensation
    M: Motor Load

    CC: Централизованная компенсация
    GC: Групповая компенсация
    IC: Индивидуальная компенсация
    M: Нагрузка (электродвигатель)

    The location of low-voltage capacitors in an installation constitutes the mode of compensation, which may be central (one location for the entire installation), by sector (section-by-section), at load level, or some combination of the latter two.

    In principle, the ideal compensation is applied at a point of consumption and at the level required at any moment in time.

    In practice, technical and economic factors govern the choice.

    The location for connection of capacitor banks in the electrical network is determined by:
    • the overall objective (avoid penalties on reactive energy relieve transformer or cables, avoid voltage drops and sags)
    • the operating mode (stable or fluctuating loads)
    • the foreseeable influence of capacitors on the network characteristics
    • the installation cost    .
    [Schneider Electric]

    Вид компенсации определяется расположением конденсаторов низкого напряжения в электроустановке. Различают следующие виды компенсации: централизованная (одна конденсаторная батарея на всю электроустановку), групповая (по батарее на группу нагрузок), инидивидуальная или комбинированная - сочетание двух последних видов компенсации.

    Теоретически, идеальной является компенсация, выполняемая в любой момент времени в требуемой точке электроустановки в требуемом количестве.

    На практике выбор определяется техническими и экономическими соображениями.

    Место подключения конденсаторных батарей к электрической сети определяется:
    ● общей задачей (избежать штрафов за потребление реактивной энергии, разгрузить силовой трансформатор и кабели, предотвратить падение и провалы напряжения);
    ● режимом работы (постоянные и переменные нагрузки);
    ● предполагаемым влиянием конденсаторов на характеристики электросети;
    ● стоимостью установки.
    [Перевод Интент]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > compensation mode

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